Class #1

MIGRATION:
push factors > push people away from X place
pull factors > things that are appealing

He's a developer just like me
He's a developer just like I am

This sentence uses the full phrase “I am” to compare the speaker with the mentioned individual. It places more emphasis on the speaker’s identity as a developer and explicitly states the similarity between the two individuals. It is a more formal or grammatically complete way of expressing the comparison.

Class #2

Gerund vs Infinitive

Gerund

• As Subject/Object in a sentence
• After preposition -ING

• Writing clears my mind.
• Running in the mornings is a good exercise.
---
• I don't like reading historical novels.
• I don't like you reading at night, you need to sleep.
---
• I'm interested in learning a new language.
• My brother sucks at playing board games.
• I have never thought of/about leaving the city.
• Thanks for coming with me.

Infinitive

• After adjectives
• After Wh questions
• Objectives (form/report)

It is important to be open to new ideas.
It's been nice to hear from you again, after all this time.
---
• I need to ask her what to do next
• I learn how to play the guitar when I was a kid.
• I don't know where to ship this item.
---
• To increase the sales revenue by 10%
• To implement a new database for

to + ing

Never correct, except on be/get used to + ing

I'm getting used to commuting in this city

Verbs + gerund/infitive

Gerund

• Enjoy/love/hate • Avoid
• Discuss • Miss
• Like/dislike • Practice
• Finish • Can't stand
• Mind • Can't help
• Suggest • Deny
• Recommend • Imagine
• Keep • Understand
• Complete • Recall

Infinitive

• Ask • Agree
• Promise • Decide
• Demand • Help
• Choose • Plan
• Would hate • Learn
• Would love/like • Want
• Would prefer • Seem
• Like (optional now)

Obs

• Emotional verbs

enjoy, love, dislike, hate, prefer ›ing

except when combined with `would`

• Remember

remember to: "dont forget to do X" I
remember ing: "memory from the good'ol days"

• Stop

stopp -ing: "quit"
I stopped smoking 5 years ago > I quit smoking
stop to: "take a break > do something"

• Try

Try -ing > experiment
Try removing this line of code, and see if it works.
---
Try to: putting some effort into something
I'm trying to learn German, but maaaan, it's hard.

Class #3

Can: ability - permission - possibility

I can help you if you want (possibility)
Can you drive? > yeah, I got my license (ability)
Teacher, can I go to the bathroom? (permission)
T: I don't know, can you?

FORMAL ENGLISH: DO NOT USE CAN
hey man, can you pass me a beer?
hey man, may you pass me a beer?
---
there are many apps that can translate text
there are many apps capable of translating text

Could: ability that you lost - “possibility” that didn’t occur

past of can
when I was younger, I could pull all-nighters really easy

> ONE occasion > be able to / manage to
after walking for 5 hours, I could reach the top of the mountain.
had the chance.... but I didn't
I could help her... (I had the chance... but I didn't)

Might: possibility

may / Might > EXCLUSIVELY for possibility
"poder" > "puede que"

Can vs Could

You can use them both to make requests but could will always be more formal, and it’s preferred specially when asking people to do something.

• Hey, mate, can you help me” (To a friend, or someone close)
• Could you help me, please? (To an stranger, a superior, or someone not so familiar)

Can vs Be able to

Be able is a synonym of can. But the former is considerably more formal, and a little less common in speaking.

• I can handle myself in a kitchen.
• I am able to handle myself in a kitchen.
• I could swim really fast when I was kid.
• I was able to swim really fast when I was a kid.

However, Can is a modal verb, and modals do not like to mix with others. So, when mixing with others such as: have, will, should and so on, can just sounds wrong.

Can vs May/Might

May vs Might

There is a difference, but it is not as noticeable nowadays.

• The weather may/midht be better tomorrow.
• Craig may/might know his results soon.
• We may/might go to the cinema tonight.

So, feel free to use one or the other… except in the following cases:

• May I. - To ask/give permission

Class #4

grow up > child > adulthood
grow old > adult > elder
          past its fame/good state
age >
    this movie didn't age well.
grow apart > you distance yourself from X

1.200
one thousand two hundred dollars
twelve hundred > 1.200

I have one thousand followers
        1K
I need 50 grand to buy a place.

I write notes DOWN

bullet journal > BUJO

Pronounce

• named -> namd (1 syllabe)
• item -> Aitem or Item (2 pronounces)

Class #5

Expressions

Verbs

• Pitch in > Fazer vaquinha
• Sit tight > Apertar os cintos - Espere e se prepare
• Ring a bell > Me soa familiar
• Cut to the chase > Ir direto ao ponto
• To make ends meet > Ter dinheiro suficiente para pagar as contas
• Eyeball it > Vai no olho - Faça uma estimativa
• Frown upon > Mal visto
• Shrug it off > Não se preocupe com isso
• Keep your chin up > Manter o queixo erguido
• Spice things up > Apimentar as coisas
• Vanilla > Básico
• Apples and oranges > Água e óleo
• Not my cup of tea > Não é a minha praia
• Butter someone up > bootlicker > suck up to > Lamber as botas, puxa-saco
• Weather the storm > Sobrevivera à tempestade
• Chasing rainbows > Daydreaming
• Down to earth > De volta a Terra, à realidade

Class #6

Passive voice

There are many reasons to use Passive Voice:

• When we don’t know who did the action.
• It is not important who did it, or we don’t want to say who did it.
• We want to emphasize the object.
• Commonly used in Scientific, formal and academic contexts.
• A matter of writing style

Examples

1. A cop was shot yesterday (emphasize the object)
2. I was mugged on my way home (to avoid redundancy)
3. I was told today is your b-day! (don’t want to say who did it)
4. Mistakes were made (accountability)
5. The data was analyzed to determine X (science)

Grammar

Can be used in any verbal tense

BE + Participle form of the verb

Accountability vs Responsibility

Accountability - to be held accountable

“whose FAULT is it?” “whose head is gonna roll for this mistake?” if kids are failing, if kids are not learning… who is held acountable? we need accountability if it is the teacher fault, he needs to leave / punishment / fine

Responsibility - to be responsible of

› your duties

your tasks my responsibilites: plan my lessons check the Performance Review provide coaching

Class #7

Relative clause

A little sentence that gives detail

, who , - Optional description added, can be removed
that , - Always without comma!

Class #8

• Value vs Worth ``` I really value the moments we share together

worth: OBJECT/PERSON (specific) it is worth + “price” it was worthy = It was worth every single cent. it is worth your time/effort/money He thinks he is not worthy. = “he has no value” This is worthv!

critic = noun (review) criticism = noun ( critic = person criticize = verb

Barbie movie has some good critics I criticize the movie

backslash / backslash = bad public response

loophole - brecha na lei tarnish - manchar, lose or cause to lose luster, especially as a result of exposure to air or moisture.

punch up: making fun of someone of high status /power VS punch down: make fun of the poor/handicapped/minorities

I didn't know any better - Não sabia jeito melhor


## Class #9

Remember to: “reminder” Hey, remember to send the report by the end of the day.

Remember +ing: “have the memory of something…” I remember walking my dog to the park every day in the afternoon.

Forget to: “didn’t do something” I forgot to call you, I am so sorry.

Forget -ing: “lose the memory” I forgot travelling to that town, i was too little.

Try to: put some effort I’ll try to do it tomorrow.

Try ting: do something NEW/experiment, and see if it works. Hey, have you tried talking to her?

stop to: take a break - do something ELSE I stopped on my way home to smoke a cigar.

stop ting: QUIT - stop doing it FOREVER I stopped working at NVC due to some personal issues.

## Infinitive

For infinitives:

• Ask • Agree • Promise • Decide • Demand • Help • Choose • Plan • Would hate • Learn • Would love/like • Want • Would prefer • Seem

## Class #10

payback

pay (money) back the loan to the bank “return” the favor

it’s payback time. > revenge

go back: “return” > go again (when you are not there anymore) come back: “return” (you are in the place, you leave, but you will be back/come back)

Colombia; back from vacations in Mexico. The trip was amazing, I loved everything I will definitely go back to Mexico.

## Class #11

REAL: if + present / will (can, should) UNREAL future: if + past / would (could, might) UNREAL past (regret): if + past perfect / would have - (could have)

## Class #12

AT - Specific place (that you and your speaker understand), named places IN - Inside a place ON - Surfaces, roads, corners, shore, public transport ```